Conversation Rules First Grade Eye Contact First Grade Clip Art

LEARNING OBJECTIVES

By the finish of this section, you lot will be able to:

Know how to overcome nervousness and anxiety associated with public speaking and giving course presentations.
Effectively utilize the half dozen-step process to prepare for and evangelize a class presentation.
Create effective visual aids for use in class presentations.
Work with a group to successfully plan and deliver a class presentation.

Public speaking—giving an oral presentation before a class or some other group of people—is a special form of interaction common in instruction. You will likely be asked to give a presentation in ane of your classes at some point, and your future career may also involve public speaking. It'south of import to develop skills for this form of communication.

Public speaking is like participating in class—sharing your thoughts, ideas, and questions with others in the group. In other ways, however, public speaking is very different. You stand in front of the class to speak, rather than from your usual seat—and for virtually students, that changes the psychology of the state of affairs. Y'all also have fourth dimension outside of form to prepare your presentation, allowing yous to plan it advisedly—and, for many, giving more fourth dimension to worry most it and experience even more than anxiety!

Overcoming Anxiety

Although a few people seem to exist natural public speakers, most of united states experience some stage fright or anxiety nearly having to speak to a group, at least at first. This is completely normal. Nosotros experience like anybody is staring at the states and seeing our every flaw, and we're sure we'll forget what we desire to say or mess upwards. Take comfort from knowing that almost everyone else is dreading giving class presentations the aforementioned as you are! Simply you can learn to overcome your feet and prepare in a way that non only safely gets y'all through the experience but also leads to success in your presentation. The post-obit are proven strategies for overcoming feet when speaking in public:

Understand anxiety. Since stage fear is normal, don't try to deny that yous're feeling anxious. A little anxiety can assistance motivate yous to prepare and do your best. Accept this aspect of the process and piece of work to overcome it. Anxiety is normally worst just before yous begin and but eases up once you lot've begun.
Understand that your audience actually wants yous to succeed. They're not looking for faults or hoping you'll fail. Other students and your instructors are on your side, not your enemy. They likely won't even come across your feet.
Reduce anxiety by preparing and practicing. The next section discusses the preparation process in more detail. The more fully you prepare and the more than oftentimes you take practice, the more your feet volition get away.
Focus on what you're proverb, non how y'all're maxim information technology. Keep in mind that you accept ideas to share, and this is what your classmates and instructors are interested in. Don't obsess about speaking, but focus on the content of your presentation. Think, for case, of how easily you share your ideas with a friend or family fellow member, as you naturally speak your mind. The same can work with public speaking if you focus on the ideas themselves.
Develop self-confidence. Equally you prepare, you lot volition make notes you tin refer to during the presentation. Yous're not going to forget what y'all desire to say. The more you exercise, the more than confident y'all'll become.

Guidelines for Presentations

Preparing and delivering a presentation in class (or in business or other settings) is a procedure very similar to the learning process discussed in Chapter 4 "Listening, Taking Notes, and Remembering", Chapter five "Reading to Larn", and Chapter 6 "Preparing for and Taking Tests" and the writing process discussed in Chapter 8 "Writing for Classes". The process breaks down into these 6 bones steps:

Clarify your audition and goals
Plan, enquiry, and organize your content
Draft and revise the presentation
Prepare speaking notes
Practice the presentation
Deliver the presentation

Step one: Analyze Your Audition and Goals

Who will see and hear your presentation—and why? Obviously, other students and the instructor. But you nevertheless need to think about what they already know, and don't know, about your topic. If your topic relates to subject matter in grade lectures and readings, consider what background information they already have and be conscientious not to give a boring recap of things they already know. It may exist important, withal, to prove how your specific topic fits in with subjects that have been discussed already in class, especially in the beginning of your presentation, merely be sure to focus on your new topic.

New terms and concepts may become familiar to you while doing your research and grooming, merely remember to define and explain them to other students. Consider how much explanation or examples will be needed for your audience to grasp your points. If your topic involves annihilation controversial or may provoke emotion, consider your audience's attitudes and choose your words carefully. Thinking nigh your audition volition assist yous find means to get their attending and keep them interested.

Exist sure you are clear about the goals for the presentation. Are y'all primarily presenting new information or arguing for a position? Are y'all giving an overview or a detailed written report? Review the consignment and talk with the instructor if you lot're unsure. Your goals guide everything in the presentation: what you say, how much you say, what order y'all say information technology in, what visual aids y'all use, whether you utilize humor or personal examples, so forth.

Stride ii: Program, Inquiry, and Organize Your Content

Student pulling book off library shelf Starting with the consignment and your goals, begin your topic. Jot notes on specific topics that seem important. Often you'll practise reading or research to gather more information. Take notes as yous would with any reading. Every bit you enquiry the topic at this stage, don't worry at first about how much content you are gathering. It'south better to know too much and then choice out the most important things to say than to blitz alee to drafting the presentation and then realize you don't have enough material.

Organizing a presentation is similar to organizing topics in a class newspaper and uses the aforementioned principles. Innovate your topic and land your main idea (thesis), go into more detail well-nigh specific ideas, and conclude your presentation. Expect for a logical club for the specifics in the middle. Some topics work best in chronological (time) guild or with a compare-and-contrast system. If your goal is to persuade the audience, build up to the strongest reason. Put similar ideas together and add together transitions between different ideas.

While researching your topic and outlining your principal points, think almost visual aids that may help the presentation.

Also start thinking nearly how much fourth dimension you have for the presentation, only don't limit yourself even so in the outline stage.

Footstep 3: Draft and Revise the Presentation

Unless required past the assignment, you don't need to really write out the presentation in full sentences and paragraphs. How much you write depends on your own learning and speaking manner. Some students speak well from cursory phrases written in an outline, while other students observe it easier to write sentences out completely. There'due south zilch wrong with writing the presentation out fully like a script if that helps you be sure you will say what you lot intend to—simply so y'all don't actually get up and read from the script.

You tin't know for certain how long a presentation volition last until you rehearse it subsequently, merely y'all tin can judge the time while drafting information technology. On the average, information technology takes two to three minutes to speak what tin be written on a standard double-spaced page—merely with visual aids, pauses, and audience interaction, it may accept longer. While this is only a rough guide, you can starting time out thinking of a 10-minute presentation as the equivalent of a 3 to four-page paper.

Never wait until the terminal infinitesimal to draft your presentation. Arrange your time to fix the beginning draft and then come back to information technology a day or 2 later to ask these questions:

Am I going on too long almost minor points? Could the audience get bored?
Do I have proficient explanations and reasons for my main points? Do I need more data or better examples? Where would visual aids be most effective?
Am I using the best words for this topic and this audience? Should I be more or less breezy in the mode I talk?
Does it all hold together and menses well from ane point to the next? Do I demand a improve introduction or transition when I shift from one idea to another?

Visual Aids in Presentations

Except for very short informal presentations, almost presentations gain from visuals—and visual aids are oftentimes expected. If encouraged or allowed to include visuals in your presentation, plan to exercise so. Consider all possible types:

Charts or graphs
Maps
Photos or other images
Video clips
Handouts (only when necessary—they can be distracting)

Utilize the available applied science, whether it's an overhead projector, PowerPoint slides, a flip chart, or posters. (Talk to your teacher well-nigh resources and software for designing your visuals.) Follow these guidelines:

Design your visuals carefully. Here are some basic rules:
- Use a unproblematic, neutral background. A calorie-free-colored background with text in a nighttime color works best for words; a nighttime background used like matting works all-time for photos.
- Minimize the amount of text in visuals—more than eight words per slide is usually too much. Avoid just presenting discussion outlines of what you are saying. Brand sure text is big plenty for the audience to read.
- Don't use more than than two pictures in a slide, and use two simply to make a directly comparison. Montages are difficult to focus on and distract the viewer from what you're saying. Apply images only when they support your presentation; don't employ prune fine art just equally decoration.
- Don't put a table of numbers in a visual assist. If you need to illustrate numerical data, utilise a graph. (Microsoft Excel can make them for you easily.)
- Don't use sound effects. Utilize a very brief recording only if straight related to your main points.
- Don't use visual special furnishings such as dissolves, spins, box-outs, or other transitions. They are distracting. Utilize animation sparingly and simply if information technology helps brand a point.
Don't use then many visuals or movement through them then rapidly that the audience gives all its attention to them rather than to yous.
Practice your presentation using your visual aids, because they touch on your timing.
Explicate visuals when needed but not when they're obvious.
Go on your optics on your audience, only briefly glancing at visuals to stay in synch with them.
Don't hand out a printout of your visuals. Your audition should keep their eyes on you instead of lilliputian around with paper.

Step 4: Fix Speaking Notes

As mentioned ear Notecards lier, it'south not a good idea to read your presentation from a written page rather than evangelize it. To keep your audience'south attention, it's important to make eye contact with them and to utilise a normal speaking vox—and you can't practise this if you go along your eyes on a written script.

Speaking notes are a cursory outline for your presentation. You might write them on index cards or sheets of newspaper. Include important facts and information as well as keywords for your chief ideas, but don't write too much. (If you forget things later when you beginning practicing, you can ever add more than to your outline so.) Exist sure to number your cards or pages to prevent a last-minute botch.

Think especially well-nigh how to open and close your presentation, because these two moments have the almost impact of the whole presentation. Utilize the opening to capture the audience's attending, but be sure it is appropriate for your audition and the goals. Here are some possibilities for your opening:

A hit fact or instance (illustrating an consequence or a problem)
A brief interesting or humorous anecdote (historical, personal, or electric current event)
A question to the audience
An interesting quotation

Then relate the opening to your topic and your main bespeak and move into the trunk of the presentation.

Your closing mirrors the opening. Transition from your last point to a brief summary that pulls your ideas together. You might stop with a challenge to the audience, a stiff argument well-nigh your topic, or a personal reflection on what you have been maxim. Just make sure you take a concluding sentence planned then that you don't cease upwardly uncomfortably fumbling around at the end ("Well, I guess that ends my presentation").

Pace 5: Practice the Presentation

Practice may exist the most important step. It is also the best way to get over stage fearfulness and gain conviction.

Exercise kickoff in an empty room where you lot imagine people sitting, so that you tin can move your optics around the room to this "audience." The kickoff fourth dimension through, focus on putting your outlined notes into full sentences in your natural speaking voice. Don't read your notes aloud. Glance downward at your notes only briefly and then await up immediately around the room. Practice two or three times simply to find the right words to explain your points and feel more comfy working with your notes. Time yourself, but don't captivate over your presentation being the verbal length required. If your presentation is much also long, nonetheless, adjust it at present in your notes so that you don't get-go memorizing things that y'all might accidentally still say later on even though yous cut them from your notes.

One time you experience good speaking from your notes, practice to add together some more than polish to your delivery. You might desire to record or videotape your presentation or ask a friend or roommate to watch your presentation. Pay attending to these aspects of how you speak:

Endeavor to speak in your natural vocalization, non in a monotone as if you were just reading aloud. If you volition be presenting in a large room without a microphone, you lot will need to speak louder than usual, but still try to apply a natural vocalism.
In usual conversation, we speed up and tedious downward and vary the intensity of our words to show how nosotros experience virtually what we're saying. Practice changes in your delivery fashion to emphasize key points.
Don't keep looking at your notes. Information technology's fine if you lot use words that are different from those you wrote down—the more you rehearse without looking at your notes, the more natural sounding you will be.
Exist sure you lot can pronounce all new words and technical terms correctly. Practice maxim them slowly and clearly to yourself until you can say them naturally.
Don't forget transitions. Listeners need a cue when you're moving to a new idea. Practice phrases such as "Another of import reason for this is…" or "At present let's move on to why this is so.…"
Watch out for all those piffling "filler" words people use so often, such equally "like," "you know," "well," and "uh." They're very distracting to most audiences. Listen to or picket your record to encounter if you are using these fillers or inquire your friend to point it out.
Pay attention to trunk language when practicing. Stand straight and tall in every exercise session so that y'all become used to it. Unless y'all have to stand up at a podium to apply a stock-still microphone in your presentation, practice moving around while yous speak; this helps go on the audience watching you. Use manus and arm gestures if they are natural for you, just don't try to brand up gestures for the presentation considering they volition expect phony. Almost important, keep your eyes moving over the audience. Exercise smiling and pausing at key points.
Finally, it's a good idea to exist set up in case of an accident. Most likely your presentation will go smoothly, you'll stay on track with your notes, and your PowerPoint slides will piece of work fine, only sometimes a mishap happens. Exist set to joke about it, rather than becoming flustered. If the figurer fails and you lose your visuals, say something similar, "Well, that's a shame, I had some really great photos to show yous!" If y'all drop your index cards or notes, or accidentally skip ahead in your presentation and then have to backtrack, make a joke: "Sorry about that, I was so excited to get to my adjacent indicate that I'm afraid I lost control in that location for a moment!" Permit your audition laugh with you—they'll still be on your side, and you can defuse the incident and move on without becoming more nervous.

Step half-dozen: Deliver the Presentation

Exist sure to become enough sleep and swallow a good for you breakfast. Don't drink too much caffeine or else yous'll become hyper and nervous. Wear your favorite—and appropriate—clothing and comfortable shoes.

Remember, your audience is on your side! If you're still nervous earlier your plough, accept a few deep breaths. Rehearse your opening lines in your mind. Grinning every bit you motility to the forepart of the room, looking at your audition. You'll see some friendly faces smiling dorsum encouragingly. As you get-go the presentation, motility your eyes among those giving you a warm reception—and if y'all see some student looking bored or doing something else, just ignore them. But don't focus on any one person in the audience for too long, which could brand them nervous or crusade them to await away.

Don't keep looking at your scout or a clock: If your rehearsal times were close to your assigned time, your presentation will be also. If y'all do discover that yous're running behind schedule, it may be that yous're saying too much out of nervousness. Use your notes to get back on rails and keep the pace moving. But it'south better to deliver your presentation naturally and fluidly and be a bit long or short than to attempt to modify your words and end up sounding unnatural.

At the endmost, deliver your final line with confidence, sweeping your eyes over the audience. If appropriate, ask if at that place are any questions. When y'all're done, pause, smile, say "Cheers," and walk dorsum to your seat.

Afterward, enquire other students and your instructor for comments. Exist open up minded—don't but enquire for praise. If you hear a proffer for improvement, file that in your memory for next time.

Group Presentations

You may be assigned to give a presentation in a small group. The half-dozen-step procedure discussed previously works for group presentations, too, although group dynamics often telephone call for additional planning and shared responsibilities:

Schedule a group meeting equally presently as possible to get started. Don't allow another student put things off. Explain that y'all're too busy and won't have fourth dimension at the final minute.
Begin by analyzing your audience and your goals together as a group to make certain anybody understands the consignment the same. Discuss who should do what. While everyone should talk most what content to include, from here onward, you will take on specialized roles. One or more may begin research and gathering information. Others who are good writers may volunteer to draft the presentation, while one or more others may develop the visual aids. Those who have public speaking feel may volunteer to do all or most of the speaking (unless the assignment requires everyone to have a speaking role). Yous also need a team leader to keep everyone on schedule, organize meetings, and then on. The best squad leader is an even-tempered student with proficient social skills, who can motivate everyone to cooperate.
Steps 2 and three tin can probable exist carried out individually with assigned tasks, just grouping members should stay in touch. For example, the person developing the visuals should be talking to those doing the researching and drafting to see what visuals are needed and get started finding or creating them.
Before preparing notes in step 4, come across again to go over the content and plan for visuals. Everyone should be comfortable with the plan then far. Make terminal decisions about who will exercise each section of the presentation. Set the time for each segment. Then speakers should gear up their ain speaking notes. Allow someone with strong speaking skills open or close the presentation (or both), with others doing the other parts.
The whole group should exist present for practice sessions in footstep v, even if not everyone is speaking. Those non speaking should take notes and give feedback. If ane educatee is doing nigh of the presenting, an alternate should be chosen in case the first pick is sick on the scheduled day. The alternate also needs to practice.
During the delivery, especially if using applied science for visual aids, 1 educatee should manage the visuals while others do the presenting. If several students nowadays different segments, plan the transition from one to another so that the presentation keeps flowing without pauses.

Additional Resources

For Class Presentations

Using PowerPoint. A stride-by-pace illustrated tutorial for learning how to create effective visual presentations with PowerPoint. http://world wide web.education.umd.edu/blt/tcp/powerpoint.html

"How to Give a Bad Talk." A humorous look (with some very proficient communication) on what not to practice when preparing for and giving a class presentation. http://pages.cs.wisc.edu/~markhill/conference-talk.html#badtalk

Form presentations on YouTube. Search YouTube with the phrase "class presentation" and look for video examples of bodily students giving class presentations. Observing and critiquing the presentations of other students are skillful ways to go started preparing your own and learning from others. Hither's a good example of a student grouping presentation on a topic we can all relate to (how body language works):

In this presentation, take notation of

how students make good heart contact with the audience;
the first student's natural speaking voice and tone, and how she did non have to use her note cards very often (manifestly she practiced well);
some differences among these students;
the utilize of PowerPoint slides within the presentation (some better than others);
the appropriate occasional use of sense of humour;
the division of presentation responsibilities within the student group;
each presenter's interaction with the audience.

Central TAKEAWAYs

Public speaking skills are important considering you will likely give presentations in course and perhaps in a future task.
Overcome anxiety nigh public speaking by understanding your feelings, preparing well and practicing your commitment, and focusing on your discipline.
Follow a six-stride process to set and evangelize a presentation:
1. Analyze your audition and goals
2. Plan, research, and organize your content
3. Draft and revise the presentation
4. Ready speaking notes
5. Practice the presentation
6. Evangelize the presentation and seek feedback
Employ visual aids to support a presentation, creating visuals that are relevant, attractive, and powerful.
The success of a group presentation depends on effective group meetings, successful division of roles, and repeated grouping practices.

Checkpoint EXERCISES

If you lot have given a course presentation in the past, what worked all-time for you? (If yous accept not given a presentation nonetheless as a student, what aspect do you think will be most difficult for you lot?)
Name the 2 nigh important things yous tin can do to reduce anxiety about a course presentation you will have to give.

For each of the following statements about class presentations, circumvolve T for truthful or F for imitation:

T	F	Although you are delivering the presentation to the class, your existent audience is your instructor, so you don't need to waste material time defining terms and concepts he or she already knows.
T	F	Organizing a presentation or speech communication is similar to organizing topics in a paper yous write for class.
T	F	When creating visual aids, put equally many photos as you can in each PowerPoint slide to accept the strongest bear on.
T	F	In example your retentivity goes blank while giving a presentation, write the total presentation out so that yous can read it aloud.

Describe how all-time to use body language (facial expressions, eye movements, gestures, etc.) when giving a presentation.
If y'all were assigned forth with three other students to give a group presentation in the class using this textbook, what would be your preferred role in the preparation stages? Your least preferred role? If you had to take your least preferred function, what single thing would you desire to work hardest on to make the presentation successful?

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Source: https://courses.lumenlearning.com/freshmanexperience/chapter/7-4-public-speaking-and-class-presentations/